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作者:开海龙 字体:[增加 减小] 来源:吐槽 时间:2026-08-26 我要评论

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国际空间站掉下来的垃圾,把人家房子砸了个窟窿?!_我的网站

大王小王

A |     

The USS Gerald R. Ford departs from Souda Naval Base near Chania on the island of Crete, Greece, on February 26, 2026. Photo: VCG
    The USS Gerald R. Ford departs from Souda Naval Base near Chania on the island of Crete, Greece, on February 26, 2026. Photo: VCGUS President Donald Trump's reported push to reshape the US Navy's next-generation aircraft carriers - from moving the island to abandoning electromagnetic catapults in favor of steam-powered systems - could impose heavy engineering, financial and schedule costs, Chinese military affairs experts said, warning of a widening gap between political preferences and the realities of building some of the world's most complex warships.
The Washington Post reported on Saturday that the US Navy is considering a major redesign of its new Ford-class aircraft carriers to better match Trump's preferred aesthetic, with the president favoring ships that more closely resemble US carriers from the World War II era. One option under study would move the carrier's island farther forward, toward the middle of the ship.
US officials cited by the report warned that such a change could require billions of dollars in redesign costs and cause substantial delays. 
The potential island redesign comes only days after Trump ordered another far-reaching change to the Ford-class program. On Thursday, he signed a national security memorandum directing the Pentagon and Navy to develop a plan within 60 days to replace the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) with steam catapults and the Ford-class carriers' Advanced Weapons Elevators with hydraulic systems, beginning with the future USS Doris Miller, or CVN-81, USNI News reported. 
Trump has repeatedly criticized EMALS as "too complex" and "not as effective as steam catapults," according to Reuters. 
But the order would reverse a technology path the US Navy has pursued for more than a decade. When the Navy selected EMALS in 2009, it said the system would lower overall lifecycle costs, require less maintenance than steam catapults and place less physical stress on carrier-based aircraft, per Reuters.
As of March 2026, the USS Gerald R. Ford had conducted 36,863 EMALS launches, according to Pentagon documents cited by Reuters. 
General Atomics, the manufacturer of EMALS, has warned against changing course on the Doris Miller, saying nearly 50 percent of production related to the system has already been completed and that a switch now would create significant cost, schedule and integration risks, according to Reuters. 
Zhang Junshe, a Chinese military affairs expert, told the Global Times on Sunday that the Ford-class carrier's aft-positioned island is not merely an aesthetic choice, but is closely tied to flight-deck efficiency and landing safety. "Moving the island farther aft creates more space around the catapults for aircraft parking and handling, helping shorten launch preparation time, while also reducing airflow disturbance during aircraft recovery," he said. 
Relocating the island forward would not be a simple cosmetic adjustment, but a major redesign affecting weight distribution, buoyancy, flight-deck layout and aerodynamics, with significant implications for both cost and schedule, Zhang noted.
Song Zhongping, another Chinese military affairs expert, told the Global Times that Trump's demand is one thing, but turning it into an actual warship design is another.
"The first four Ford-class carriers have either entered service or are already in different stages of construction, leaving very little room for fundamental changes to their overall designs," Song said. Even the fifth and sixth ships - the future USS William J. Clinton, CVN-82, and USS George W. Bush, CVN-83 - would face considerable cost and engineering consequences if the Navy attempts to overturn their established technological architecture, he said.
The US Navy officially announced the names of CVN-82 and CVN-83 in January 2025, per the US Navy official website. 
"There is an obvious gap between US President's political will and the engineering realities of aircraft-carrier construction," Song said.
Such proposed changes come as Ford-class construction timelines have already grown considerably compared with those of the preceding Nimitz class. The US Congressional Budget Office (CBO) said in April that Nimitz-class carriers typically took seven to eight years to build, while Ford-class ships are currently taking roughly 10 to 11 years. In a separate assessment released this month, the CBO estimated that future Ford-class carriers under the Navy's 2027 shipbuilding plan could cost about $22 billion apiece. 
"Electromagnetic launch represents an advanced direction in aircraft-carrier catapult technology and has far greater development potential than traditional steam catapults," Song said. "If the US gives up electromagnetic catapults and returns to steam catapults, that would be a technological regression and a step backward."
Echoing Song, Zhang said electromagnetic catapults offer more precise control of launch energy and broader compatibility with different types of carrier-based aircraft, while requiring less shipboard space than steam systems with their extensive high-pressure piping.
"Replacing EMALS with steam catapults on a Ford-class carrier already designed around electromagnetic launch would not only represent a technological step backward, but could also turn an attempt to reduce risk into a new source of engineering and system-integration risk," Zhang said.
。    
美国东部时间3月8日的下午,美国佛罗里达州的居民亚历杭德罗·博特罗(Alejandro Otero)正在外旅游,而他独自在家的儿子打来的一通电话,让他不得不提前终止了这次旅行。

B | 当天下午2:34,一个从天而降的不明物体,突然砸中了他们位于那不勒斯市的房子。该物体击穿屋顶,穿过了两层楼,砸入了地板里。“当时发出了十分巨大的声音,(这个物体)差点就砸到我儿子了。

C | ”博特罗在接受当地媒体WINK News的采访时说道。

对房子的损坏
图源:WINK News接到儿子电话后,博特罗的第一反应是陨石砸中了自己的房子。

D | 但当他回到家,将这个物体从地板下取出来后,他发现这个 “天外来物”更有可能是人造的。“从顶部形状可以看出来,它最初应该是圆柱形的物体,在穿过大气层时,顶部金属在燃烧中融化。” 博特罗说。

E |

该“天外来物”样貌
图源:WINK News
此次“高空抛物”,最大的嫌疑来自地球上空约400千米的国际空间站(International Space Station)。
国际空间站
图源:NASA空间站丢的故事可能得从2018年10月的某天讲起。

F | 那天,美国航空航天局(NASA)宇航员尼克·黑格(Nick Hague)和俄罗斯宇航员阿列克谢·奥夫奇宁(Aleksey Ovchinin)本该在哈萨克斯坦乘着俄罗斯“联盟号”(Soyuz)运载火箭启程,前往国际空间站。

G | 然而,火箭在起飞不久后,助推器失灵,没能成功进入轨道,两位宇航员只能返回地面,没有按计划到达国际空间站。黑格此次前往国际空间站的任务之一是帮助空间站升级电力系统。他会到空间站外进行太空行走,帮助换掉原来的镍氢电池,并安装新的锂离子电池。可惜黑格并没有按时到达空间站。但问题是,第一批锂离子电池已经由日本的HTV货运飞船运送至了国际空间站。原本的计划是,被这一批锂离子电池替换的旧镍氢电池,用同一艘HTV货运飞船带走。但由于黑格没能登上空间站,NASA只好暂时取消此次换电池的太空行走任务,将锂离子电池留在空间站,等待下一个能执行该任务的宇航员到来。这艘HTV货运飞船也只能直接离开,并未带上镍氢电池。由于每艘飞船的载货量都是固定的,所以HTV货运飞船没办法一次性带走两倍数量的旧电池。于是,随后每一次HTV货运飞船运来新一批的锂离子电池,都会带走上一批替换下来的旧镍氢电池,直到2020年最后一艘HTV货运飞船离开国际空间站。但这时,空间站上还剩下最后一批镍氢电池没有带走。这个装有九块旧镍氢电池的货物托盘,编号为EP9,总重量相当于一辆大型SUV。

最后一艘HTV运载飞船载着镍氢电池离开空间站
图源:NASA
后来,日本开始改用新的运载飞船,所以不再会有HTV运载飞船来到国际空间站了。而其它运载飞船的设计,比如SpaceX的龙飞船(Dragon),没有办法装下EP9将其运走。换句话说,只有HTV货运飞船,才能运走EP9,但HTV已经不会再来了。国际空间站的每寸空间都很宝贵,EP9这样的大物件,自然不能一直留在空间站上。于是NASA做了一个决定,它们计划直接丢掉EP9——这也是国际空间站丢弃过的最大太空垃圾(space debris)。2021年3月11日,当国际空间站运行至中美洲以西太平洋上空约418千米处时, NASA的地面控制人员操控国际空间站上的机械臂,将EP9从空间站上释放,丢入了太空。当时NASA表示,EP9将会绕地球漂浮2至3年,然后坠入大气层,并在其中完全燃烧。

H | 空间站丢弃EP9

图源:NASA
大约三年后,在今年的3月8日,EP9终于完成了它在太空的旅程,在墨西哥湾的上空一头扎进地球大气层,开始剧烈燃烧。欧洲空间局(ESA)的“太空垃圾和独立安全办公室”(Space Debris and Independent Safety Offices)密切跟踪着EP9随后的动态。ESA表示:“电池的总质量估计为2.6吨,其中大部分可能在重返大气层期间燃烧殆尽。

I | 虽然有些部分可能会落到地面上,但伤亡风险(人员被击中的可能性)非常低。

J | ”而最后的结果大家已经知道了,EP9其中一块碎片并没有在重返大气层的过程中完全被烧掉,也并没有直接落入墨西哥湾,而是落向了旁边的佛罗里达,最终击中了亚历杭德罗·博特罗的房子。为了确认击中博特罗房子的物体就是EP9的碎片,NASA与博特罗取得了联系,将该物体送到了NASA位于佛罗里达州的肯尼迪航天中心。通过分析该物体的尺寸、特征和材料,并将其与EP9上的硬件相对比,NASA最终确定,该物体是EP9上的一根支柱,用于将电池固定在货物托盘上,由铬镍铁合金制成,重 0.7kg,10cm,直径 4cm。

该物体与完好支柱对比
图源:NASA
太空里全是垃圾
被国际空间站扔入太空的EP9,只是众多太空垃圾的一个。

K | 人类越来越频繁的太空活动,也让太空垃圾越来越多。

L | 根据ESA的数据,截至2023年10月6日,人类已经成功向太空发射了约6500枚火箭,在地球轨道上放置了约16990颗卫星,尚在工作的有9000颗。而停止工作的卫星、火箭推进器、航天器和空间站丢弃的物件……充满了地球上空的轨道,成为了太空垃圾。目前,仅美国“空间监视网”(Space Surveillance Network,SSN)定期跟踪的太空垃圾数量就约为35150,而实际太空垃圾数量只会更多。

截至2016,太空垃圾的增长
图源:ESA
这些太空垃圾的积累让地球上空变得越来越拥挤,为以后和当下的太空任务造成了很多困扰。国际空间站就曾多次为避开太空垃圾,而调整轨道。至于太空垃圾对地面的影响。ESA表示,大约每一周就会有一个较大的空间物体通过大气层冲入地球,不过大部分碎片在到达地面之前就已经完全燃烧了。大多数航天器、运载火箭和运行硬件的设计都是为了尽量让其在大气层中完全燃烧,从而降低相关风险。但此次EP9事件告诉我们,太空垃圾也可能会威胁地面。事实上,这已经不是第一次太空垃圾砸向地面,并威胁人身安全的事件了。据《纽约时报》(The New York Times)报道,1969年,苏联航天器的碎片击中了西伯利亚海岸附近的一艘日本小船,造成 5 人受伤。据福克斯新闻(Fox News)、ABC新闻(ABC News)等多家媒体报道,1997年,美国俄克拉荷马州的一位居民也曾被火箭的碎片击中过肩膀。不过,大家也不用过于恐慌,毕竟被太空垃圾击中的概率非常非常小,而且世界各国也在积极尝试太空垃圾的清理办法,如英国2018年就开始部署“清除碎片”系统,相信未来我们可以还太空一个干净的环境。
参考文献
[1]https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2024/04/15/nasa-completes-analysis-of-recovered-space-object/[2]https://images.nasa.gov/details/iss064e041512[3]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Reentry_of_International_Space_Station_ISS_batteries_into_Earth_s_atmosphere[4]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/About_space_debris[5]https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers[6]https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/trash-from-the-international-space-station-may-have-hit-a-house-in-florida/2/[7]https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/space-junk-from-the-international-space-station-may-have-struck-a-home-in/[8]https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/10/a-soyuz-crew-makes-an-emergency-landing-after-rocket-fails/[9]https://www.nytimes.com/1969/07/05/archives/soviet-space-debris-hits-japanese-ship-injuring-5.html[10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-022-01718[11]https://www.foxnews.com/science/woman-hit-by-space-junk-lives-to-tell-the-tale[12]https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98700&page=1

撰文:冬鸢
审校 :clefable

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M |

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